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    • Physical World – Class 11th

    Physical World – Class 11th

    • Posted by admin
    • Categories 11th, Physics
    • Date December 27, 2019
    • Comments 0 comment
    Physical-World-1

    Scope Of Physics

    Scope of Physics is vast as it covers quantities with length magnitude as high as 10 4m or more and as low as 10-14 m or less. Based on the scope of physics it is divided into 2 types

    1.  Macroscopic Domain &
    2. Microscopic Domain
    1. Macroscopic Domain:

      The macroscopic domain includes phenomena at large scales like a laboratory, terrestrial and astronomical. It includes the following subjects:

        • Mechanics:

          It is based on Newton’s laws on motion and the laws of gravitation. It is concerned with the motion/equilibrium of particles, rigid and deformable bodies and general system of particles.
          Examples:
          a. Propulsion of rocket by ejecting gases
          b. Water/Sound waves

        • Electrodynamics:

          It deals with electric and magnetic phenomena associated with charged and magnetic bodies.
          Examples:
          a. motion of a current-carrying conductor in a magnetic field
          b. the response of a circuit to an ac voltage (signal)

        • Optics:

          It deals with phenomena involving light.
          Examples:
          a. Reflection and refraction of light
          b. Dispersion of light through a prism

        • Thermodynamics:

          It deals with systems in macroscopic equilibrium and changes in internal energy, temperature, entropy, etc. of systems under the application of external force or heat.
          Examples:
          a. Efficiency of heat engines.
          b. Direction of physical and chemical processes.

    2. Microscopic Domain:

      Microscopic Domain includes and deals with phenomena like atomic, nuclear & molecular subjects.

    Factors responsible for the progress of Physics:

    • Quantitative analysis along with qualitative analysis.
    • Application of universal laws in different contexts.
    • Approximation approach (complex phenomena broke down into a collection of basic laws).
    • Extracting and focusing on the essential features of a phenomenon.

    Hypothesis, Axiom, and Models

    The hypothesis is a supposition without assuming that it is true. It may not be proved but can be verified through a series of experiments.

    • Axiom is a self-evident truth that it is accepted without controversy or question.
    • Model is a theory proposed to explain observed phenomena.
    • Assumption is the basis of physics, where a number of phenomena can be explained. These assumptions are made from experiments, observation and a lot of statistical data.

    Technological applications of Physics

    Several examples where Physics and its concepts have led to discoveries/inventions are listed below.

    • The steam engine was developed from the industrial revolution in the eighteenth century.
    • Wireless communication was developed after the discovery of laws of electricity and magnetism.
    • Neuron-induced fission of uranium, done by Hahn and Meitner in 1938, led to the formation of nuclear power reactors and nuclear weapons.
    • Conversion of solar, wind, geothermal etc.energy into electricity.

    Fundamental Forces in Nature or Laws of Nature

    The forces which we see in our day to day life like muscular, friction, forces due to compression and elongation of springs and strings, fluid and gas pressure, electric, magnetic, interatomic and intermolecular forces are derived forces as their originations are due to a few fundamental forces in nature.

    The Fundamental laws are

    1. Gravitational Force: It is the force of mutual attraction between any two objects by virtue of their masses. It is a universal force as every object experiences this force due to every other object in the universe.
    2. Electromagnetic Force: It is the force between charged particles. Charges at rest have electric attraction (between unlike charges) and repulsion (between like charges). Charges in motion produce magnetic force. Together they are called Electromagnetic Force.
    3. Strong Nuclear Force: It is the attractive force between protons and neutrons in a nucleus. It is charge-independent and acts equally between a proton and a proton, a neutron and a neutron, and a proton and a neutron. Recent discoveries show that protons and neutrons are built of elementary particles, quarks.
    4. Weak Nuclear Force: This force appears only in certain nuclear processes such as the β-decay of a nucleus. In β-decay, the nucleus emits an electron and an uncharged particle called neutrino. This particle was first predicted by Wolfgang Pauli in 1931.

    The below table shows the difference between the above forces:

    NameRelative Strength (& Range)Operates Among
    Gravitational Force10–39All objects in the universe
    Electromagnetic Force10–2Charged particles
    Strong Nuclear Force1 (Short, nuclear size ∼10–15m)Nucleons, heavier
    elementary particles
    Weak Nuclear force10–13 (Very short,
    Sub-nuclear size: ∼10–16m)
    Some elementary particles,
    particularly electron and neutrino

    Unification of Forces

    There have been physicists who have tried to combine a few of the above fundamental forces. These are listed in the table below:

     

    Name of PhysicistYearAchievement in Unification
    Isaac Newton1687Unified celestial and
    terrestrial mechanics
    Hans Christian Oersted
    and Michael Faraday
    1820 and 1830Unified electric and magnetic
    phenomena to give rise to
    electromagnetism
    James Clerk Maxwell1873Unified electricity, magnetism, &
    optics to show that light
    is an electromagnetic wave
    Sheldon Glashow, Abdus
    Salam, Steven Weinberg
    1979Gave the idea of electro-weak
    force which is a combination of
    electromagnetic and weak nuclear force
    Carlo Rubia, Simon
    Vander Meer
    1984Verified the theory of electro-weak force

    Conserved Quantities

    • Physics gives laws to summarize the investigations and observations of the phenomena occurring in the universe.
      Physical quantities that remain constant with time are called conserved quantities.
      Example: for a body under external force, the kinetic and potential energy change over time but the total mechanical energy (kinetic + potential) remains constant.
    • Conserved quantities can be a scalar (Energy) or vector (Total linear momentum and total angular momentum).

    Conserved laws

    Conservation Laws

    A conservation law is a hypothesis based on observation and experiments which cannot be proved. These can be verified via experiments.

    Law of conservation of Energy:

    • According to the general Law of conservation of energy, the energies remain constant over time and convert from one form to another.
    • The law of conservation of energy applies to the whole universe and it is believed that the total energy of the universe remains unchanged.
    • Under identical conditions, nature produces symmetric results at different time.

    Law of conservation of energy

    Law of conservation of Mass

    This is a principle used in the analysis of chemical reactions.

    • A chemical reaction is basically a rearrangement of atoms among different molecules.
    • If the total binding energy of the reacting molecules is less than the total binding energy of the product molecules, the difference appears as heat and the reaction is exothermic.
    • The opposite is true for energy-absorbing (endothermic) reactions.
    • Since the atoms are merely rearranged but not destroyed, the total mass of the reactants is the same as the total mass of the products in a chemical reaction.
    • Mass is related to energy through Einstein theory, E = mc2, c – the speed of light in vacuum

    Law of conservation of linear momentum

    • The symmetry of laws of nature with respect to translation in space is termed as the law of conservation of linear momentum.
    • Example law of gravitation is the same on earth and moon even if the acceleration due to gravity at the moon is 1/6th than that at earth.

    Law of conservation of angular momentum

    Isotropy of space (no intrinsically preferred direction in space) underlies the law of conservation of angular momentum.

    Tag:electrodynamics, factors responsible for the progress of physics, fundamental forces in nature or laws of nature, future of physics, importance of physics, mechanics, optics, physical world, physical world class 11, scope of physics, technological application of physics, thermodynamics

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